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Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

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What is a stomach ulcer?

An ulcer of the stomach is caused by a break in the stomach’s lining. In general, a peptic ulcer is defined as an inflammation of either the stomach or the first part of the small intestine coming out of the stomach, called the duodenum.

Stomach ulcers were once considered to be caused primarily by stress, smoking, and diet. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been identified as the cause of 60 percent of severe stomach ulcers and most duodenal ulcers. Many symptoms of dyspepsia are also caused by the H. pylori bacteria.

A stomach ulcer may be easily treated, but if not treated properly, it can become severe. Acid-suppressing medicines and antibiotics are often used to treat stomach ulcers.

What causes stomach ulcers?

There used to be a belief that certain foods or stress could cause ulcers. However, no research has been conducted to support these theories. The main cause of ulcers has been determined to be:

  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria.
  • Pain-relieving NSAID medications.

Pylori bacteria:

The stomach is commonly infected by H. pylori. Nearly half of the world’s population is infected with H. pylori without knowing it. In childhood, H. pylori are believed to be transmitted from person to person by parents.

Inflammation (irritation) caused by H. pylori bacteria can lead to the breakdown of this protective lining in the digestive tract. The breakdown is caused by the strong acid in your stomach, which is intended to digest food. Stomach tissue can be dissolved by acid unless mucus is present.

The presence of H. pylori, however, usually doesn’t harm most people. About 10% to 15% of those with H. pylori end up developing ulcers.

Pain-relieving NSAID medications:

Peptic ulcer disease can also be caused by the use of NSAIDs, a group of drugs used to relieve pain. By destroying mucus, NSAIDS wear away the lining of the digestive tract. As a result, peptic ulcers may develop:

  • Aspirin
  • Naproxen
  • Ibuprofen
  • Prescription NSAIDs

Tylenol® is not an NSAID and can be safely taken regularly without harming your stomach. In cases where people are prohibited from taking NSAIDs, acetaminophen is prescribed.

Some people who take NSAIDs may develop ulcers. The combination of NSAID use and H pylori infection is potentially dangerous. Those with H pylori and frequent NSAID use are more likely to have mucus layer damage, which can be more severe. If you frequently use NSAIDs, you are also more likely to develop ulcers.

  • Take high dosages of NSAIDs.
  • Are over the age of 70.
  • They are women.
  • As you take NSAIDs, you should also take your doctor’s prescribed corticosteroids (drugs prescribed for asthma, arthritis, and lupus).
  • Keep taking NSAIDS continuously over an extended period.
  • Previous history of ulcer disease.

Other cases:

Peptic ulcer disease may also occur in other circumstances. A person may develop an ulcer after:

  • Suffering from various diseases or infections.
  • Going through surgery.
  • Utilizing other medications.

You may also develop ulcer disease if you suffer from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma). Acid-producing cells form a tumor in the digestive tract when this condition occurs. Cancerous or non-cancerous tumors can develop in this condition. Excessive acid produced by the cells damages stomach tissues.

Symptoms of stomach ulcers

Stomach ulcers are characterized by several symptoms. How severe they depend on how serious the ulcer is.

A burning sensation or pain between the chest and belly button is the most common symptom. It can last from a few minutes to several hours, and it is more intense when your stomach is empty.

Ulcers can also cause these symptoms:

  • Stomach ache
  • Caused by losing weight
  • Prevents you from eating
  • Causing nausea
  • And dizziness
  • Due to being easily full
  • Experiencing acid reflux
  • Heartburn (heartburn causes a burning sensation in the chest)
  • Eating, drinking, and taking antacids may relieve pain
  • Pale skin, fatigue, or shortness of breath can be symptoms of anemia
  • With dark tarry stools
  • Vomiting that resembles coffee grounds

A stomach ulcer can be treated if you show any symptoms of it. If ulcers aren’t treated, they can worsen, even if the discomfort is mild. They can even become life-threatening if they bleed.

How are stomach ulcers diagnosed?

Diagnoses of ulcers are usually made through diagnostic imaging. These tests are frequently used:

  • Upper GI series (UGI): X-rays like this are commonly used. Patients are given a chalky liquid to drink that increases contrast on X-rays, enabling certain features to be seen more clearly. Barium is present in the liquid, so this test is sometimes referred to as a barium swallow.
  • Endoscopy (EGD): There is a tiny camera at the end of an endoscope, which is thin, flexible, and has a thin tube inside. An oral tube is passed through the mouth into the stomach after the patient is given a mild sedative. Peptic ulcers can be diagnosed by examining the stomach lining. Biopsies are carried out by taking tiny samples of tissue, which are analyzed under a microscope.

A diagnostic imaging test that shows the presence of an ulcer may be followed by a test to determine if H pylori are present. There are three ways to test for the presence of H pylori.

  • Blood tests: To detect bacteria, antibodies are used. H pylori is an example of an invader that the immune system can defend against with antibodies. There is no cost associated with the blood test, and it can be performed at a clinic. Having an ulcer in the past and receiving treatment for it can harm those who have already had one.
  • Breath test: During this test, one measures the carbon dioxide in one’s breath after drinking a special liquid that detects H pylori. A bacteria called H pylori breaks down the liquid, causing the blood carbon content to increase. CO2 is exhaled to get rid of this carbon. The blood test is more accurate, but it is more challenging. Following treatment, it is frequently used to determine whether the H pylori bacteria have been eradicated.
  • Tissue tests: A sample of tissue from the stomach is needed to detect bacteria in these tests if an endoscopic biopsy has been performed.

Treating stomach ulcers:

The cause of a peptic ulcer determines the treatment. The most common treatment involves killing the H pylori bacterium, reducing or eliminating the use of NSAIDs, and helping the ulcer to heal.

The following medications can be used:

  • Antibiotic medications: Depending on your medical history and condition, your healthcare provider may prescribe some combination of antibiotics to kill H pylori in your digestive system. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics include tetracyclines, metronidazoles, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin.
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Reduce stomach acid with these drugs, and protect your stomach lining at the same time. There are several PPIs such as esomeprazole, omeprazole, dexlansoprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole.
  • Histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers): The chemicals in these drugs prevent your body from producing stomach acid (histamines). Nizatidine, cimetidine, and famotidine are H2 blockers.
  • Antacids: In order to neutralize stomach acid, these over-the-counter medicines are commonly used. They may relieve some symptoms, but they will not heal your ulcer. Antibiotics may also be affected by them.
  • Cytoprotective agents: By coating and protecting your stomach lining, these medicines help you stay healthy. Misoprostol and sucralfate are two examples.
  • Bismuth Subsalicylate: It works by coating and protecting your ulcer from stomach acid. Pepto-Bismol is commonly found over the counter.

A healthful diet for Stomach Ulcers

 Ensure that you consume a variety of foods from all the food groups. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat or fat-free dairy products is recommended. Brown rice, whole wheat bread, cereals, and pasta are all whole grains.

Choosing lean meats, poultry (chicken and turkey), beans, eggs, and nuts will help you lose weight. Choose diet plans that are low in fat, salt, and added sugar are the key to a healthy diet. Choosing olive and canola oils as healthy fats is recommended. Consult your dietitian if you want further advice.

It might be a good idea to stay away from foods high in fat, acid, and spice. Different foods affect people differently. There are certain foods that worsen symptoms, so you must limit those foods. You may suffer from gastritis or ulcer symptoms if you consume these foods:

  • Beverages to avoid
    • Whole milk
    • Caffeine
    • Drinks that contain alcohol
    • Peppermint and spearmint tea
  • Spices and seasonings to avoid:
    • Chili powder
    • Black and red pepper
    • Mustard seed and nutmeg
  • Other foods to avoid
    • Dairy food products
    • Spicy or strongly flavored cheeses
    • high-fat meats
    • Tomato products

Home remedies for stomach ulcers

 Ulcer pain can be relieved with some natural home remedies. Here are some ways:

  1. Probiotics: Probiotics, which are found in yogurt and fermented foods, are important for gut health. A lot of bacteria are reduced in the gut when these organisms are present, accelerating the healing process.
  2. Ginger: Researchers have found that ginger may help treat gastric ulcers caused by H pylori bacteria, a condition commonly found in Indian households. However, since the results are from animal studies, it is unclear whether the same results will occur in humans.
  3. Colorful fruits: The rich color of some fruits is due to flavonoids, which are found in apples, lemon, oranges, nuts, and blueberries. Furthermore, flavonoids are beneficial for treating stomach ulcers, diarrhea, and other ailments.
  4. Bananas: Plantain banana sabzi is often found in India, particularly in the south. The ubiquitous chips are also in abundance in India.
  5.  Honey: Honey is a favorite of everyone. Study results from 2016 indicate that honey might be able to treat stomach ulcers as it has antimicrobial properties against H. pylori bacteria.
  6. Turmeric: Curcumin is a compound found in turmeric, a staple of Indian cooking. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin have been proved through a 2013 study.  

When should you call or see a Doctor?

The first step to preventing stomach ulcers is to consult a physician. It is important to evaluate and treat stomach symptoms that last more than a few days.

The symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue and breathlessness, can indicate a slow-bleeding ulcer. In addition to vomiting blood or having black, sticky stools, more serious bleeding requires immediate medical attention.

It is also dangerous to have a hole in the stomach, a perforation. An infected stomach wall is dangerous without immediate treatment. If you experience sudden stomach pain and it gets worse, you may have a perforation. If you have symptoms of being very ill, you should get medical treatment right away.

You can also Read: NATURAL WAYS TO BOOST FERTILITY

Prevention of stomach ulcers

 Prevention of stomach ulcers is as follows:

  • Don’t use tobacco products
  • Alcohol should not be consumed
  • Caution should be taken when using aspirin or NSAIDs
  • If you have ulcer symptoms, don’t ignore them
  • Make sure you wash your hands regularly and consume food that has been cooked thoroughly to avoid infections

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Food Allergies: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

Food Allergies: Symptoms, Treatment, and Causes

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Food Allergies are allergic reactions triggered by an immune response. Food allergies can cause symptoms such as skin rash, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea in someone who eats or swallows even a tiny amount of a particular food.

This type of allergic reaction is often called a hypersensitivity reaction since the body is reacting to something otherwise harmless. Rarely, anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock, can result from severe allergic reactions.

The majority of people believe they have a food allergy, but only a few adults and children have true allergies, mainly those younger than 6 years. Those who have food intolerance experience an unwanted reaction to food that occurs without involving the immune system.

The symptoms of food intolerance and food allergies can be similar, so it is easy to confuse them. However, a person with food intolerance typically only experiences mild symptoms such as a stomachache.

As an example of food intolerance, lactose intolerance occurs when a person lacks a certain enzyme required for digesting dairy proteins, which results in loose stools, gas, and nausea after consuming dairy products like milk and cheese.

Symptoms of food allergy

Food allergies may cause discomfort to some people but not severe symptoms. An allergic reaction to food can cause great fear and even death for some people. An allergic reaction usually develops within minutes to two hours after eating a particular food. Rarely, symptoms can take several hours to appear.

The symptoms of food allergy include:

  • In the mouth, tingling or itching
  • Eczema, hives, or itching
  • Tongue, Lips, face, and throat swelling, as well as swelling in other areas of the body
  • Wheezing, nasal congestion, or breathing difficulties
  • An abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting
  • Lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

Food allergies can cause severe reactions known as anaphylaxis in some people. The following symptoms may result in death. The symptoms of Anaphylaxis Includes:

  • The airways are constricted and tightened.
  • If your throat is swollen or if you feel a lump in your neck, it makes it difficult to breathe
  • Blood pressure drops significantly aftershock
  • The heart beats quickly
  • All symptoms of vertigo involve dizziness, lightheadedness, or losing consciousness.

Common food allergy triggers:

You start running your nose as soon as you take a bite of hot salsa or spicy Indian food. Drinking a glass of wine causes a headache later, or eating beans give you gas. When you eat cheese or milk, you will experience diarrhea if you are lactose intolerant.

Foods such as these sometimes cause reactions in most people. In most cases, they are caused by food sensitivities or intolerances. Overactive immune systems are not responsible for them.

When you are allergic to food, your immune system reacts to protect you. Your body converts harmless food into something that could make you sick. If you have a food allergy, you may get mild symptoms such as a rash or itchy eyes, or you may have an acute reaction that leaves you gasping for air.

Food allergies are serious, but there are ways to manage them. One of the best things you can do is avoid the foods that trigger your reaction.

Here is the list of some foods that can cause allergies:

  • Milk (mostly cause allergies in children)
  • Walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, and pecans are tree nuts
  • Soy
  • Wheat
  • Eggs
  • Peanuts
  • Fish (mostly cause allergies in adults)
  • Shellfish (mostly cause allergies in adults)
  • Corn
  • Gelatin
  • In meat – beef, chicken, mutton, and pork
  • Seeds, often sesame, sunflower, and poppy
  • Seasonings such as coriander, caraway, garlic, and mustard

Diagnosing food allergies:

 The doctor will ask the patient about their reactions to certain foods when diagnosing an allergy. The questions will include:

  • The symptoms that occur
  • When the reaction begins
  • what foods trigger it
  • how cooked the food is
  • when consumed

The doctor may also ask about any other allergies the person has, such as seasonal allergies or asthma, and their family’s allergy history.

Doctors can diagnose food allergies using the following tests:

  • Skin Prick Test: By piercing the skin lightly with a needle, a healthcare professional applies diluted foods to the arm. The symptoms of an allergy include itching, swelling, and redness. There is a possibility that the test needs to be repeated multiple times.
  • Blood Test: An antibody test can detect food allergies if it detects antibodies against particular food proteins.
  • Food Dairy: Symptoms are noted if they occur along with everything the person eats.
  • Physician-supervised blinded oral food challenge: To accurately diagnose a food allergy, this is the most scientific method. As the person is given increasing amounts of the suspected allergen, the physician monitors the person for symptoms under close supervision. By doing so, a psychological reaction to the allergen is removed.

What causes food allergies?

Your immune system is responsible for causing the biological reaction that causes allergy symptoms. Proteins in specific foods trigger a reaction by perceiving them as a threat to the body, causing the IgE antibodies to be produced, which break down the protein.

You can develop food allergies by eating the same food repeatedly. The repeated consumption of the food prepares your antibodies to react instantly to chemicals like histamine and others. These enter your bloodstream and trigger food allergies.

Specifically, histamine causes blood vessels to swell and the skin to swell inflame, as well as nerves to become itchy, and the nose to produce more mucus, causing it to feel stuffy and runny. You are also more likely to develop food allergies if:

  • Your family has a history of food allergies. If close family members have allergic reactions, asthma, or seasonal allergies, chances are you may also suffer from a food allergy.
  • When children exhibit one allergy, they may develop another, such as food allergies, seasonal allergies, and asthma.
  • Several factors are involved, including gut bacteria. According to research, people with allergies to nuts have altered levels of gut bacteria, which differs from the norm.

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience food allergy symptoms soon after eating, consult with your doctor or allergist. If it is possible, see your provider immediately after experiencing allergic symptoms. Your provider will be able to correctly diagnose your condition.

Risk factors of Food Allergies

Risk factors of food allergies include:

  • Family history: A family history of asthma, eczema, hives, or allergies such as hay fever may increase your risk of food allergies.
  • Other allergies: You are more likely to develop allergies to another food if you are allergic to one already. If you suffer from other allergic reactions, such as hay fever or eczema, your chances of developing a food allergy increase.
  • Age: It is more common for children to have food allergies, especially toddlers and infants. Growing up, children tend to have less allergic reactions to food as their digestive systems mature and their bodies become less likely to absorb allergens. It is usually possible for children to outgrow milk, wheat, soy, and egg allergies. A severe allergy, such as a nut or shellfish allergy, is more likely to be lifelong.
  • Asthma: Food allergies and asthma are often co-occurring conditions. Asthma and food allergy symptoms can both be more severe when they come together.

Complications of Food Allergies:

 In the absence of a diagnosis and treatment, allergies can result in complications including:

  • Asthma
  • Lung, ear, or sinus infections
  • Anaphylaxis

Prevention of Food Allergies:

The key to preventing allergic reactions is to have an allergy management plan. Allergy control is also essential. Consult with your doctor for a personalized allergy management plan.

Allergic reactions can be controlled and prevented based on your allergies. Listed below are some ways to manage allergies:

  • Avoid your allergens: Despite their importance, this is not easy to do. Avoiding allergens is easier for some than for others. Reduce your contact with an allergen if you cannot avoid it.
  • Timely take medicine as prescribed: Taking them can help you manage your symptoms. Make sure to avoid allergens when taking them.
  • Make sure you always carry epinephrine auto-injectors with you if you’re at risk of anaphylaxis: Whenever an allergic reaction is severe, epinephrine is the only solution. A prescription is required for its use. A set includes two auto-injectors with every prescription.
  • Maintain a diary: Keep a journal of what you do, what you eat, how symptoms occur, and what seems to help. Identifying what causes or worsens your symptoms may help you and your doctor.
  • Know what to do during an allergic reaction: Prepare a written emergency plan for anaphylaxis. In this document, you will find information on how to handle allergic reactions and symptoms. For any questions, consult with your doctor.

 You can also read: Introduction of First Aid

Treatments of Food Allergies:

It is advisable to restrict your diet to foods you know you are allergic to. In addition, it is wise to have emergency medications on hand at all times, including epinephrine autoinjectors, in case they are accidentally consumed. After using an epinephrine autoinjector, seek emergency medical care immediately. It is also recommended that you wear a medical alert identification indicating your food allergies.

You may be prescribed medicines to reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions. Some of these medicines include:

  • The first thing you should do in case of anaphylaxis is to administer epinephrine (e.g., EpiPen or Auvi-Q), a life-saving emergency medication that reverses symptoms immediately.
  • Antihistamine is a medication that reduces itching or congestion.
  • An allergic reaction may require corticosteroids to reduce swelling.

Experimental Treatments:

Food allergies can be reduced and prevented through ongoing research, but there isn’t a proven treatment that will completely or completely eliminate symptoms.

Oral immunotherapy is one treatment currently being studied for food allergies. It involves swallowing or placing under your tongue (sublingual) small doses of the food you’re allergic to. Gradually increasing the dose of the allergic-provoking food is used.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-DNFP (Palforzia) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating children ages 4 to 17 years old who have confirmed peanut allergies. Eosinophilic esophagitis and people with uncontrolled asthma aren’t recommended for this medication.

Food Allergies: Symptoms, Treatment, and Causes Read More »

first aid

Introduction to First Aid

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Introduction to First Aid

The term first aid refers to medical attention provided immediately following an injury. This type of treatment is often short-term and does not require a lot of equipment or training. First aid can be useful in a wide variety of situations, and it’s a good idea to keep up to date on the basics.

A person receiving first aid is receiving emergency care when they are ill or injured. Depending on the situation, it may be the only care someone needs. However, it may provide them with temporary relief until paramedics arrive or they are taken to the hospital.

Although you can learn some basic life-saving steps until you can receive official first aid training for these events, the most effective way to prepare is to get official training.

Definition of First Aid

A person who provides basic medical care to a person suffering from a sudden injury or illness is known as first aid. An example of first aid can be when someone is in the middle of a medical emergency and needs support.

It can help them stay alive until professional assistance is provided. In other words, first aid is when someone has a minor injury and is provided with care. Minor burns, cuts, and insect bites can often be treated with first aid. 

Steps for emergencies

 Follow these three basic steps if you encounter an emergency:

1. Check the scene for danger

Observe anything that could be dangerous, like fire, falling debris, and violent people. Removing yourself from the area and calling for assistance is the best thing to do if your safety is at risk.

Ensure the person is healthy or injured by assessing the scene. Moving them unless it is necessary for their protection is not recommended.

2. Call for medical help, if needed

Tell someone nearby to call 911 or the local number for emergency medical services if you suspect that the sick or injured person needs emergency medical care. Call 911 if an emergency arises.

3. Provide care

Keep the injured or sick person near you until professional help arrives, if you can do so safely. Make sure to keep them calm by wrapping them in a warm blanket. Consider treating any potentially life-threatening injuries they might have if you are a first aid expert.

Whenever you think your safety is being threatened, remove yourself from danger. 

First aid bandage:

Many minor cuts, scrapes, or burns can be treated with an adhesive bandage. Depending on the size of the wound, you might need to apply a gauze pad or a roller bandage.

The following steps will help you apply a roller bandage to a wound:

  • Maintain steady pressure on the injured area.
  • Cover the wound with a bandage wrapped gently but firmly around the injured limb or body part.
  • Apply a sticky tape or safety pin to hold the bandage in place.
  • The bandage should be wrapped firmly enough to stay in place without completely cutting off the blood supply.

You can test the circulation in a bandaged limb by pinching either a fingernail or toenail until the color drains from the nail. The bandage needs to be adjusted if the color does not return within two seconds after releasing it.

First aid for burns:

A burn is caused by a hot liquid, the sun, flames, chemicals, electricity, steam, and many other factors. In children, hot drinks, soups, and microwaved foods can cause injuries in the kitchen.

Major burns require emergency treatment. Minor burns can be first-aid treated.

Treating major burns:

 You should do such things until emergency help arrives:

  • Make sure the burn victim is protected from further harm. Be careful not to let the person you’re helping come into contact with the burning source if you can do so safely. In the case of electrical burns, turn off the power source before coming in contact with the burned person. Never remove clothing stuck in electrical burns.
  • If someone is burned, make sure they are breathing. Try to provide rescue breathing if necessary.
  • Removing jewelry, belts, and other tight items is especially important in the burned area and around the neck. Swelling occurs quickly when a burn is exposed.
  • Cover the burn. Apply gauze or a clean cloth loosely to the affected area.
  • Raised the burn area. As much as possible, elevate the wound above heart level.
  • A sign of shock should be observed. Symptoms of a cold, clammy skin include a weak pulse and shallow breathing.

 You can also read: NATURAL WAYS TO BOOST FERTILITY

Treating minor burns:

For minor burns:

  • Put ice on the burn area. Tend the area for about 10 minutes under cool (not cold) running water. Apply a cool, wet cloth to the burn on the face until the pain subsides. When your mouth is burning from hot food or drink, put ice in it for a few minutes.
  • Remove rings or other items that are tight from the burnt area. Don’t let the area swell before doing so gently and quickly.
  • Be careful not to break blisters. They help prevent infection. Bleeding blisters should be cleaned with water and treated with antibiotic ointment.
  • Apply lotion to that area. Cool the burn and then apply a lotion, such as aloe vera or cocoa butter. Aloe vera and cocoa butter can prevent the skin from drying out.
  • Apply a bandage to the burn. Use a clean bandage to cover the burn. Make sure not to compress it. Bandaging protects blistered skin by keeping air off the area and reducing pain.
  • You can take acetaminophen (Tylenol, Advil, Motrin IB, etc.), naproxen sodium (Aleve), or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, etc.).

First aid CPR:

If you find someone unconscious or see someone collapse, call 911. Approach the unconscious person and start CPR if the area around them seems safe.

Although you may not have formal training, you can perform hands-only CPR to help someone survive until professional help arrives.

You can perform hands-only CPR on an adult by following these steps:

  • Both hands should be on top of each other at the center of their chest.
  • Repeatedly press down on their chest at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
  • When you count correctly, you can compress their chest.
  • Keep compressing the chest until professional help arrives.

First aid for bee sting:

Rapid changes can occur. A couple of minutes later, the kids are playing outside peacefully on a warm spring day. A few minutes later, a piercing scream reveals one of them was stung by a bee. Knowing how to treat a bee sting can help ease the panic.

Immediately removing the stinger is important. During the time the stinger is in the skin, it releases more venom, which increases the swelling and pain experienced by the victim.

A dermatologist recommends the following steps to treat a sting from a bee, wasp, or hornet:

  • Stay calm. Although hornets and wasps can sting again after stinging once, bees usually only sting once. To avoid further attacks, walk away calmly from the stinging area.
  • Remove the stinger. Remove the stinger by scraping it over with your fingernail or a piece of gauze if it remains in your skin. Squeezing a stinger releases more venom into your skin, so avoid using tweezers to remove it.
  • Using soap and water, wash the sting.
  • Apply a cold pack to reduce swelling. It is important to go to the best hospital in Jaipur immediately if swelling moves to other parts of your body, such as your face or neck. This might indicate an allergic reaction. Allergies can also cause difficulty breathing, nausea, hives, or dizziness.
  • Consider taking over-the-counter pain medication. Hornet stings, wasp stings, and bee stings can be painful. Assist in relieving the pain with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Check the label for dosage instructions. 

First aid for Nosebleed:

 Bleeding from the nose is common. These bleedings are usually merely annoying rather than medically severe. But they can be both.

  • Sit upright and lean forward. You can reduce your nose’s blood pressure by remaining upright. Standing upright prevents further bleeding. You can avoid swallowing blood if you sit forward.
  • Gently blow your nose. Remove any blood clots from your nose by blowing. After that, it is recommended to spray your nose with an oxymetazoline nasal decongestant (Afrin).
  • Pinch your nose. Press your thumb and index finger together to close your nostrils. Take a deep breath through your mouth. Repeat this process for about 10 or 15 minutes. Blood flow is often stopped when pinching the nasal septum and sending pressure to the bleeding point.
  • Continuing holding pressure for 10 to 15 more minutes will stop bleeding if it continues. Keep your eyes closed. Consult an emergency doctor if the bleeding persists.
  • To prevent rebleeding, do not pick or blow your nose, and do not bend over for a few hours. Maintain a higher position than your heart to prevent bleeding. Using a cotton swab or finger, apply petroleum jelly gently to the inside of your nose.

First aid for heart attack:

 If you think a person is having a heart attack, sit them down and make them as comfortable as possible, and call for an ambulance.

Common symptoms of a heart attack include:

  • chest pain – a painful sensation in the heart, usually occurring on the left or right side of the chest, may feel like pressure, tightness, or squeezing
  • pain in other parts of the body – the pain can radiate from the chest down one or both arms, or from the chest to the jaw, the neck, the back or the abdomen (tummy).

Until they are conscious, encourage them to chew a 300mg aspirin tablet slowly (unless they should not be taking aspirin, for instance, if they are under 16 or allergic to it).

Provide the person with any medication they need to treat angina, such as a spray or a tablet. Track their vital signs until assistance arrives.

If the person becomes unconscious and unable to breathe, open their airway and start CPR if necessary. Immediately contact the emergency services to warn them that the victim is in cardiac arrest.

First aid kit for babies:

Below is a shopping list for your baby’s first aid kit and a checklist for your infant’s first aid kit:

  • Antipyretic and analgesic medicines
  • Thermometer
  • Cough Syrup
  • Calamine lotion for skin rashes
  • Cotton balls, sterile gauzes, sticky bandages to secure wounds and bruises
  • An ointment for burns
  • Ice packs provide relief from pains.
  • Scissors
  • Baby nail clipper
  • Droppers, measuring cups, or syringes for measuring medicines
  • First aid manual

 You can also read: FLU (INFLUENZA): DEFINITION, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, & PREVENTION

First aid kit list:

A commercially available first aid kit might be a good choice, but you can also make your own. Being prepared means keeping a kit in your home, your car, and at work.

Common items found in a first aid kit list are as follows:

  • Bandages, roller bandages, and tape
  • Sterile gauze
  • Antiseptic wipes and swabs
  • Absorbent compresses
  • Antibiotic cream
  • Burn ointment
  • Mask for breathing (rescue breathing/CPR)
  • Chemical cold pack
  • Eyeshield and eyewash
  • scissors
  • tweezers
  • thermometer
  • blanket
  • first aid manual

Introduction to First Aid Read More »

Influenza

Flu (Influenza): Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, & Prevention

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Introduction

The flu is a respiratory disease that affects the throat, nose, bronchi, and sometimes the lungs. Various influenza viruses exist, and they evolve and change over time.

A virus (Orthomyxoviridae family) causes influenza, commonly referred to as “the flu,” which affects the respiratory system of animals, birds, and humans. Many people develop fevers, coughs, headaches, and malaise (tired, weak); some also experience sore throats, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Individuals usually experience flu symptoms for about 1-2 weeks before recovering. While some viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold, do not cause as severe an illness as influenza (flu), approximately 0.1% of people who contract the virus die as a result.

In general, the above describes the “seasonal” flu strains that occur every year. However, there are times when outbreaks can be severe. Flu strains that cause these major outbreaks occur when a portion of the population is exposed to a virus that the population has little or no immunity to.

This is because the virus has been altered significantly. They are usually referred to as epidemics. Since the influenza virus was identified in 1933, several unusually severe worldwide outbreaks (pandemics) have occurred. In 1918, the Spanish flu which caused between 40-100 million deaths worldwide was estimated to have caused between 2%-20% mortality rates, based on the examination of preserved tissue.

Most people think of the flu as an inconvenience that passes after a few days. Those with influenza may suffer from health complications, hospitalizations, and even death. 

What are the symptoms of influenza?

Individuals may experience different flu symptoms. Some people may only feel mildly ill. For others, it may be severe.

A person with the flu usually experiences symptoms one to four days after being exposed to the virus. Symptoms may include:

  • fever
  • cough
  • muscle aches and pain

These are some other symptoms you may experience:

  • headache
  • chills
  • sore throat
  • fatigue (tiredness)
  • loss of appetite
  • runny or stuffy nose

There is a possibility that some people (especially children) may also suffer from:

  • diarrhea
  • nausea and vomiting

Other symptoms to watch for in children

Your child is your most valuable asset as a parent. Seek medical care immediately if you notice any of these symptoms.

  • not drinking or eating as usual
  • not waking up or interacting with others
  • Easily irritated (doesn’t like to play or be held

What are the types of influenza?

 The influenza virus family comprises three types of RNA viruses (categorized into three genera), which are all members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Humans get influenza as a result of viruses A and B being released into the air by infected people or by close contact with infected animals.

You Can Also Read – FAINTING: CAUSES, TYPES, SYMPTOMS, AND PREVENTION

Influenza A:

There are many different types of influenza A viruses, such as those found in birds and mammals as well as in humans. The surface proteins of these viruses include hemagglutinin (“H”) and neuraminidase (“N”).

There are various subtypes of viruses. Nature has detected 131 subtype combinations, including 18 H subtypes and 11 N subtypes. H1N1 and H3N2 are examples of influenza viruses in this category.

Influenza B:

 Influenza type B viruses consist of two genetically distinct lineages (B/Yamagata and B/Victoria). Unlike influenza A viruses, they do not have subtypes. Most recent influenza seasons have seen influenza B viruses from both Yamagata and Victoria lineages co-circulating.

Currently, trivalent influenza vaccines only contain one influenza B virus derived from the Yamagata strain. Both Yamagata and Victoria lineages will be included in the quadrivalent vaccine for 2019–2020 (CDC, 2019f).

Humans are normally the only hosts of influenza type B viruses, which can cause morbidity and mortality, but in general, have less severe epidemics than influenza A viruses.

The influenza type B virus has not caused a pandemic despite causing human epidemics. The influenza type B virus undergoes genetic changes less rapidly than the influenza type A virus.

You can also read:- DEHYDRATION: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION

Influenza C:

 The influenza C virus is less common and less studied than influenza A and B. People are thought to have been exposed to influenza C during childhood, and it can cause illness in humans and pigs.

There are no subtypes of the influenza C virus (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) like the influenza A virus, so the virus cannot mutate. Though localized epidemics have been reported, influenza C is unlikely to cause a pandemic.

Diagnosis:-

 An influenza screening test can be ordered by your doctor if he or she notices any signs and symptoms of the illness. It is possible that you will not need to be tested for influenza if influenza is widespread.

If you show signs and symptoms, your doctor may diagnose you. You may be recommended to have influenza tests if you show signs and symptoms. You can be diagnosed with influenza using different tests.

Hospitals and laboratories are increasingly conducting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Your doctor may perform this test during an office visit or in the hospital. A PCR test may be more sensitive and can identify influenza strains more accurately than other tests.

When should you contact your doctor?

 It takes one to two weeks for most people to recover from the flu without treatment. The flu can cause serious complications. If you experience any of these symptoms, see your doctor:

  • Feeling breathless or having difficulty breathing.
  • You have a feeling of pressure or pain in your chest or stomach.
  • Symptoms of dehydration include dizziness, not passing urine, or feeling dizzy upon standing.
  • There is confusion in your mind.
  • When you cannot stop vomiting or drink enough fluids, you become dehydrated.
  • It is important to seek help if your child has any of the above symptoms
  • A blue or purplish complexion
  • When an individual is so irritable they do not wish to be held
  • Cries without tears (in infants)
  • A rash and fever accompany the illness
  • Has difficulty waking up

Influenza complications are more likely to occur in several groups of people. People with certain diseases including pregnant women, young children (especially children under the age of 2), the elderly, and people with chronic lung disease (such as asthma), heart disease, diabetes, and immunosuppressive conditions (such as HIV infection or transplantation) are at higher risk.

Your health care provider should be contacted if you or your child has flu symptoms and may experience flu complications.

How is flu (influenza) treated?

 Flu treatment can help you feel better, but it won’t make it go away faster.

The flu should be rested until it is fully recovered, especially if it has been severe.

  • Fluids – Be sure to consume plenty of water to avoid becoming dehydrated. By analyzing the color of your urine, you can determine how much water you need to drink. The color of your urine should range from light yellow to nearly colorless. It should be possible to pass urine every three to five hours if you are drinking enough.
  • Fever, headaches, and muscle aches can be relieved with acetaminophen (sample brand name: Tylenol). Children under 18 should not be given aspirin or medicines containing aspirin (eg, bismuth subsalicylate [example: Pepto-Bismol]), since aspirin can cause Reye syndrome.
  • Most coughs resolve without treatment, so cough medicines are rarely helpful. Cold and flu medicines should be avoided by children younger than six years old. For patient education, Beyond the Basics offers information on the common cold in children.

Antiviral treatment — Influenza can be treated or prevented with antiviral medicines. Although the medicine reduces flu symptoms by about one day when taken as a treatment, it does not eliminate symptoms.

Several factors contribute to the decision to take antiviral medicine for influenza, but not everyone does. In the case of severe illness or a risk factor for influenza complications, antiviral medication is required.

If someone has had symptoms for 48 hours or less and has no risk factors for complications, they are usually treated with an antiviral medicine; otherwise, they are not treated.

Flu medications include oseltamivir (known by the name Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza), peramivir (Rapivab), and baloxavir (Xofluza). When taken within 48 hours of flu symptoms, antiviral treatment is most effective for seasonal influenza.

Based on the type of influenza virus, whether it is resistant to antiviral medicine, and some individual factors, the best antiviral medicine can be chosen. The decision should be made by a physician or nurse. Antiviral drugs for preventing seasonal influenza in adults and for treating seasonal influenza in adults and seasonal influenza in children.

Side effects — The inhaled zanamivir can sometimes cause difficulty breathing; oseltamivir can cause nausea and vomiting. As a result of taking peramivir and baloxavir, you are most likely to have diarrhea. Although this side effect is common, most people are still able to take the medicine.

Antibiotics — Influenza and other viral illnesses cannot be treated with antibiotics. Flu-related bacterial complications such as ear infections, bacterial pneumonia, or sinusitis should only be treated with antibiotics. This will help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

Complementary and alternative treatments — For influenza, a wide range of herbal treatments and homeopathic remedies are available. The effectiveness and safety of these drugs have been poorly evaluated in well-designed studies. 

Can influenza A be prevented?

Vaccinating against the flu every year is the best way to prevent it. The flu vaccine protects against three to four different influenza viruses during each flu season.

You can also prevent this disease from spreading by:

  • Regularly washing your hands will help you stay healthy
  • Avoid large crowds, especially during an outbreak of influenza
  • Coughing or sneezing while covering your mouth and nose
  • You should stay at home if you develop a fever and for at least 24 hours after it goes away

Flu (Influenza): Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, & Prevention Read More »

Natural Ways to Boost Fertility

Natural Ways to Boost Fertility

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What is Fertility?

The ability to conceive a child is defined as fertility. But not everyone is naturally fertile. One in ten couples will face infertility — the inability to conceive naturally after unprotected sexual activity for one year.

A woman’s health is not the only factor affecting fertility. The infertility problem can affect both men and women, and both can take steps to increase their fertility.

Sign of Fertility problems:

An infertility problem is usually discovered after a couple has unsuccessfully tried to conceive for a year. Infertility is often caused by “silent” causes and does not show obvious symptoms. There are, however, some signs that may signal you to call your doctor if you are experiencing fertility issues:

  • It has been six months since you tried to become pregnant.
  • A year has passed since your last unprotected sexual encounter without getting pregnant.
  • Several consecutive pregnancies have failed.
  • There is a possibility of infertility if you have risk factors.

A fertility problem is most commonly characterized by the following symptoms:

  • Menstrual irregularities
  • Heavily bleeding or cramping for no apparent reason
  • Menstrual bleeding or heavy periods that are unusual
  • When you have a sexual encounter, you may experience pelvic pain
  • Having a problem with erectile dysfunction or low libido

Natural ways to boost fertility:

Eat a Bigger Breakfast:

  • Women with fertility problems may benefit from eating a substantial breakfast.
  • Study findings suggest that eating a larger breakfast can help control the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a major cause of infertility.
  • Normal-weight women with PCOS who ate most of their calories at breakfast had 8% lower insulin levels and 50% lower testosterone levels. A high level of either may impede conception.
  • Moreover, these women ovulated 30% more frequently than women who ate a smaller breakfast than their dinners, indicating improved fertility.
  • A substantial increase in the size of your breakfast without a decrease in the size of your evening meal is likely to result in weight gain.

Stop Smoking:

  • By quitting smoking, you will improve your chances of getting pregnant even more. Smoking accelerates your fertility age by 10 years, so at 25, you will have the fertility age of a 35-year-old.

Eat Antioxidant-rich Foods:

  • Women and men can benefit from eating foods rich in antioxidants. Free radicals are known to damage egg cells and sperm in the body, and antioxidants help prevent that from happening. You might want to include more fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts that are naturally loaded with antioxidants, including vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, lutein, and folate, to boost your fertility naturally.

You can also read: ENCEPHALOPATHY: TYPES, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT

Avoid Trans Fats:

  • Fertility can be boosted by eating healthy fats every day.
  • Due to their negative effects on insulin sensitivity, trans fats are associated with an increased risk of ovarian infertility.
  • Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods, fried foods, and baked goods. They can also be found in some hydrogenated vegetable oils.
  • According to a large observational study, women with infertility had diets high in trans fats and low in unsaturated fats.
  • Infertility may be increased by 31% if you choose trans fat over monounsaturated fats.
  • The risk of this disease increases by 73% when trans fats are consumed instead of carbs.

Book a reflexology session:

  • Consider relaxation techniques, such as reflexology, if you are looking for ways to increase fertility.
  • There are specific areas on your hands and feet that correspond to specific organs in your body, according to reflexology. It may be possible to stimulate the energy flow to those organs by pressing on those points.
  • A regular massage or reflexology session is a good way to relax. Both men and women find relaxation beneficial for regulating hormones and ovulating regularly, which is a major factor in infertility.

 Avoid Excess Alcohol:

  • Fertility can be negatively affected by alcohol consumption. The amount of alcohol that will cause this effect is unclear, however.
  • Drinking more than eight drinks per week increases the time it takes to get pregnant, according to a large observational study.
  • 7393 women in another study found high alcohol consumption to be associated with more infertility tests.
  • Alcohol consumption is associated with mixed results, however.
  • Other studies have found that moderate consumption of alcohol affects fertility, but one study found no link between moderate consumption and infertility.
  • 430 couples in one study reported having fewer than five alcoholic drinks each week was associated with decreased fertility.

Choose High-Fat Diary:

  • The association between high-fat dairy and fertility has been demonstrated in more than one study. Women who consume one or two servings of high-fat dairy products are more likely to become pregnant than those who consume low-fat dairy products.
  • A high intake of low-fat dairy foods may be associated with infertility, while high-fat dairy foods may reduce it.
  • Women who consumed at least one serving of high-fat dairy per day were 27% less likely to become infertile.
  • A glass of whole milk could replace one serving of low-fat dairy per day.

 Increase Your Iron Intake:

  • The use of plant-based foods and iron supplements may reduce the risk of ovulatory infertility.
  • There is evidence that iron supplements reduce ovulatory infertility risks by 40% in women who participated in an observational study of 438 women.
  • Infertility risk was also reduced with non-heme iron. Fertility levels were not affected by heme iron from animal sources.
  • However, further research is needed to determine whether iron supplements should be recommended to all women, especially if their iron levels are already normal.
  • If you are iron deficient, you may benefit from consuming more iron-rich foods.
  • To increase absorption, you should take non-heme iron sources with foods or drinks high in vitamin C.

Cut Down on Caffeine Sources:

  • Cutting down on caffeine sources daily is one of the well-known herbal remedies for ovulation. Women who drink a lot of coffee are less likely to conceive. Caffeine has also been found to increase the risk of miscarriage. You don’t have to stop drinking coffee completely if you are a coffee drinker, but you should limit your caffeine intake.
  • According to one study, women who consume more than 500 mg of caffeine daily take an average of 9.5 months longer to become pregnant.

Keep your vagina chemical-free:

  • Vaginal sprays and scented tampons may cause you to have a pH imbalance if they have scents. Similarly, artificial lubricants, arousal oils, and douches should also be avoided since they change the normal pH of the vagina, can cause pelvic inflammation, and can affect the cervical mucus that carries sperm.
  • It is important to just let it be during each cycle because the pH of the vagina changes naturally from inhospitable to hospitable for sperm. This can be disrupted unnecessarily by vaginal douching and baths.

Use a basal thermometer:

  • You can track your fertile days with a basal thermometer. When you wake up, your basal body temperature rises as a result of the hormonal changes that occur during ovulation.
  • Ovulation thermometer such as the Beurer Ovulation Thermometer lets you monitor the smallest basal temperature changes in your body, letting you know when you are ovulating and therefore most fertile. Despite being inexpensive, easy to use, and beneficial for natural family planning, sensitive thermometers are not always the best predictor of ovulation if you experience irregular periods.

You can also Read:- ECHOCARDIOGRAM: WHAT IS IT, TYPES, PREPARATION, AND RESULTS

Get Physically Active:

  • Increased fertility is one of the benefits of exercise for your health.
  • Researchers have linked sedentary lifestyles to an increased risk of infertility.
  • According to the Nurses’ Health Study II, every hour of exercise per week was associated with a 5% lower risk of infertility.
  • The combination of physical activity and weight loss had a positive effect on fertility in obese women.
  • Moderation is crucial, however.
  • Overexertion may negatively impact the reproductive system and change the energy balance in the body.
  • Women who exercise intensely every day are at a 3.2 times greater risk of infertility than inactive women, according to an observational study.

Try Multivitamin:

  • Taking multivitamins may reduce the likelihood of women experiencing infertility during ovulation.
  • If women take three or more multivitamins per week, they may avoid 20% of ovulatory infertility.
  • One study showed that taking multivitamins lowered the risk of infertility by up to 41%. When trying to conceive, women may benefit from a multivitamin that contains folate.
  • Additionally, a study found that a dietary supplement that included chaste berries, green tea, vitamin E, and vitamin B6, improved chances of conception.
  • In comparison to women who did not take the supplement, 26% became pregnant after three months.

Conclusion:

Infertility isn’t easy to deal with. It’s normal to feel stressed if you don’t get pregnant as quickly as you anticipated. Women who experience infertility have been found to experience similar levels of psychological stress as those who experience cancer, HIV, and chronic pain.

You should instead opt for natural ways to become more fertile and have a healthy baby rather than go through these stressful conditions. Get appropriate knowledge and get in touch with doctors if needed.

Natural Ways to Boost Fertility Read More »

farsightedness

Farsightedness: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

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Hyperopia, or farsightedness, affects 5% to 10% of Americans. Farsighted people can see distant objects, but they have difficulty focusing on close objects.

An eye specialist can perform simple, painless eye tests and prescribe eyeglasses, contact lenses, or LASIK surgery if you’re experiencing blurred vision, headaches, or squinting a lot.

What is Farsightedness?

A farsighted person can see things that are far away, but close-up objects are blurry. The technical name for farsightedness is hyperopia. 5 to 10 percent of American adults are farsighted, according to the National Eye Institute Trusted Source.

To understand farsightedness, it’s important to learn how the normal eye works. The cornea is the corneal surface of your eye, and the lens is the lens inside your eye. Corneas are the clear front surfaces of your eyes. During focusing on objects, your eye’s lens changes shape.

Together, the cornea and lens bend light into a beam that is focused onto your retina at the back of your eyeball. Your retina receives visual information from your incoming light and forwards it to your optic nerve, which carries it to your brain.

The cornea and lens of your eye must be perfectly curved to see an image that is perfectly focused. If the cornea varies, you can’t see properly.

Depending on how well your eyes can focus on close-up objects, there are varying degrees of farsightedness. If you are only able to see objects very far away, then you are severely farsighted.

Many people can correct their farsightedness with prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. Others undergo refractive surgery.

Causes of farsightedness:

Human eyes are capable of focusing because of two parts.

The cornea: The cornea is the clear, front part of the eye which receives and concentrates light.

The lens: Light is focused onto the retina by the cornea, a transparent structure inside the eye.

Light is detected by the retina, which is a layer of nerves at the back of the eye, which sends impulses to the brain via the optic nerve.

Dedicated light signals formed by the retina are carried by the optic nerve to the brain and then interpreted as images by the brain.

It is ideal for an eye to having a perfectly flat cornea and a perfectly curved lens. When this happens, an image gets sharply focused on the retina because the cornea and the lens refract the incoming light rays.

Ideally, an eye’s cornea and lens should be flat and properly curved so that images focus on the retina sharply. In this way, the cornea and lens refract light rays that enter the eye.

In addition to hyperopia, refractive errors also cause myopia, short-sightedness, and astigmatism. Because of the imperfect shape, light rays concentrate at a point behind the retina, not onto it. When close-up objects are seen, the light hasn’t been bent properly by the lens and cornea, which results in blurry vision.

The majority of people who are born with hyperopia can focus on distant objects during childhood. However, as they grow older even distant objects may become more difficult to see.

In rare cases, farsightedness may result from:

  • diabetes
  • tumors
  • The macula (fovea), a small area on the retina, is underdeveloped in an uncommon medical condition known as macular hypoplasia.

Macular hypoplasia is often associated with albinism. It is believed that farsightedness is inherited, which means it can be passed down from generation to generation.

Symptoms of farsightedness:

Symptoms of farsightedness are as follows :

  • Difficulty seeing objects fairly close to the eye: When you are reading a book, threading a needle, or assembling small parts of a model, you may notice your vision is blurred.
  • Headaches: The eye muscles may be overworked and unable to focus.
  • Crossed eyes in children: In children with severe farsightedness, due to extreme attempts to focus, both eyes can appear crossed (turning inward toward the nose), known as accommodative esotropia. It can occur continually or from time to time.

Since young eyes are so good at accommodating, many people with short eyes do not show symptoms of farsightedness during childhood and adolescence.

The process of accommodation can become less effective over time as aging changes in the lens, and symptoms of farsightedness eventually emerge.

Diagnosing Farsightedness:

The eye doctor can diagnose farsightedness with a basic eye exam.

  • A doctor will first check your vision using an eye chart at different distances.
  • A dilated eye exam may be recommended based on the results. In this procedure, your eye doctor places drops in your eyes so that your pupils will widen (dilate). This will allow him to see your retina more clearly.
  • A magnifying lens is used by your doctor to examine your eyes more closely.
  • Your vision will also be corrected using various lenses so that close objects will appear clearly.

Children who cannot read letters or symbols from a far distance often have nearsightedness, as school vision tests rarely detect farsightedness in them. Schools normally test far vision by having a child stand across the room from a chart that contains letters or symbols.

It is important to learn the cause of any vision problems your child as if he or she doesn’t pass a vision test at school. Children should see an eye specialist if they don’t pass the vision test at school. An eye specialist will also check the close-up vision of children.

Your child should also be seen by an eye doctor if squinting frequently, complaining of headaches, having difficulty in school, or complaining of blurry vision.

Treating farsightedness:

Using corrective lenses or refractive surgery, farsightedness can be treated by focusing light on the retina.

Prescription lenses

Treatment is not always necessary in young people because their eyes have flexible crystalline lenses that compensate for the problem. As you age and the lenses inside your eyes become less flexible, you may need prescription lenses to improve your near vision depending on your degree of farsightedness.

Wearing prescription lenses can remedy farsightedness by compensating for your eye’s smaller size or the curvature of its cornea. Types of prescription lenses include:

  • Eyeglasses: The variety of eyeglass lenses includes single vision, bifocals, trifocals, progressive multifocal, etc. It is a simple, safe way of improving the quality of your vision caused by farsightedness.
  • Contact lenses: There are many materials and styles of these lenses which can be worn right over the eyes. They come in spherical, toric, multifocal, and monovision designs, as well as gas permeable, soft and rigid. Contact lenses have pros and cons, and your eye doctor can explain them to you.

Refractive surgery:

The majority of refractive surgical procedures are used for treating nearsightedness, but they can also be used to address mild to moderate farsightedness. Farsightedness is treated through a reshaping of the cornea. Refractive surgery includes:

  • Laser-assisted in situ keratomileuses (LASIK): It is a relatively simple procedure that involves making a thin, hinged flap into your cornea and then adjusting the curve of your cornea with a laser. Recovery after LASIK surgery is generally quicker and less painful than that following other corneal surgeries.
  • Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK): Using a laser, the surgeon reshapes the cornea’s outer layers, changing the curve, and then replaces the epithelium with a thin flap only in the cornea’s outer protective layer.
  • Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK): It is similar to LASEK, except the epithelium is completely removed before the laser is used to reshape the cornea. The epithelium is not replaced, so it will naturally grow back according to your cornea’s new shape.

You can also Read: EAR INFECTIONS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT

Preventing farsightedness:

The following steps can help keep your eyes healthy if you suffer from farsightedness:

  • Eat a nutritious diet: It is particularly beneficial to consume leafy greens, as well as fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Get regular eye exams: It is possible to have eye problems diagnosed by a healthcare provider even before symptoms manifest.
  • Wear sunglasses, even on cloudy days: Make sure you wear sunglasses that block at least 99% of UV radiation from the sun.
  • Rest your eyes regularly: Whenever you spend more than 20 minutes using a computer or reading, it is a good idea to look away for a few seconds every 20 minutes.

Farsightedness: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis Read More »

fainting

Fainting: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Prevention

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What Is Fainting?

When your brain is not supplied with enough oxygen, you experience a temporary loss of consciousness. It comes on suddenly, lasts for a short time, and you quickly recover. It’s also sometimes referred to as a blackout.

In medicine, syncope is referred to as a temporary disturbance of consciousness. It is not jerking like a seizure. Fainting may be caused by a serious problem. If you experience fainting, seek medical assistance.

In general, this is very uncommon, unless you are older or if it occurs when you are lying down or when exercising.

If you faint, you become unconscious for a few seconds. It’s also called blacking out or passing out. The medical term for fainting is synchronicity. You may feel sick or sweaty before you faint or you may faint suddenly.

In a passing out you fall to the ground. This is not the same as a seizure when you jerk. You feel normal again after a few seconds. Some people feel really tired after waking up. A person usually faints due to some reason, such as being in pain or standing for an extended period in a hot place.

When the brain’s oxygen levels fall below a certain level, we faint because more oxygen-rich blood reaches the brain easier.

Types of Fainting:

Syncope occurs in several forms, including these three:

  • Vasovagal syncope: The vagus nerve can trigger vasovagal syncope. This type of syncope can result from psychological trauma, stress, the sight of blood, or standing upright for a long time.
  • Carotid sinus syncope: Constriction of the carotid artery in the neck happens when the person turns their head to one side or wears a collar that is too tight.
  • Situational syncope: The strain may be caused by coughing, urinating, moving your bowels, or experiencing digestive issues.

Causes of Fainting:

Several things can cause you to faint, including:

Common faint (NMS): A common cause of fainting is vasovagal syncope, which can occur in many different situations. These include:

  • Fear.
  • Severe emotional distress or pain.
  • After extreme exercise.
  • This can happen if a person stands for a long period in a hot place (hence why soldiers on parade may faint).
  • If you wear a collar that constricts your neck.

You might feel sweaty and appear pale during attacks. Your eyes will probably stay open.

Orthostatic hypotension: Upon standing up, the blood pressure drops, causing fainting. It can occur for several reasons:

  • Blood pressure was lowered by medication.
  • The body lacks fluid when it is sick (vomiting) when it is experiencing diarrhea (diarrhea), or for any other reason (for example, being dehydrated).
  • Parkinson’s disease and peripheral neuropathy, for example, can lead to peripheral neuropathy.
  • After a big meal.

Cardiac syncope: The fainting usually occurs as a result of an underlying heart condition. There may be a family history of sudden death. Chest pain or feeling of a thumping heart (palpitations) may precede the fainting. It can occur during exercise as well.

What are the Symptoms of Fainting?

The symptoms of faintness include:

  • Dizziness
  • Light-headedness
  • A pale face
  • Perspiration
  • Heightened anxiety and restlessness
  • Nausea
  • Collapse
  • Unconsciousness, for a few seconds
  • Full recovery after a few minutes.

Fainting might be a way for your body to tell you that something is wrong. Further examination is sometimes needed when a collapse is caused by a stroke or abnormal heart rhythm.

Similarly, slurred speech, facial droop, or weakness in any limb are signs of a serious condition. If a person complains of breathlessness, chest pains, or palpitations, or if their pulse is unusually fast or slow, they need to see a doctor.

Prevention of Fainting:

Here are some steps you can take if you think you’re going to faint:

  • Be careful when moving and change positions very slowly when feeling faint. When lying down, lift your legs slightly above your head. If you feel faint, raise your legs slightly above your head.
  • It is also helpful if you sit up with your head between your knees. Though this position does not help blood reach the brain as much as lying down, it can help you feel better if you slowly adjust to an upright position.
  • Don’t let yourself get dehydrated by not drinking enough liquids during the day. During exercise and in warm weather, drink plenty of fluids.
  • Make sure your blood is flowing. If you have to stand or sit for a long time, take frequent breaks and get up and move around. You can also occasionally cross your legs or tense the muscles in your legs.
  • When possible, stay away from overly hot, stuffy, or cramped conditions.

How is Fainting diagnosed?

A physical examination is usually the first step in diagnosing vasovagal syncope. During this check-up, your doctor will listen to your heart and measure your blood pressure.

You might also feel faint if the practitioner massages your neck’s main arteries.

In addition, your doctor may recommend several tests to make sure that the cause of your fainting is not something else – such as a heart problem. These tests may include:

  • Electrocardiogram: You may be required to wear a portable heart monitor for as long as a month to record the electrical signals your heart produces. It can detect irregular heartbeats and other cardiac problems.
  • Echocardiogram: With ultrasound imaging, the heart is viewed and conditions such as valve problems, which can cause fainting, are checked for.
  • Exercise stress test: Exercise is usually conducted on a treadmill or while walking. During this test, your heart rhythms are recorded.
  • Blood Tests: There are certain conditions, including anemia, that can cause or contribute to fainting spells.
  • Tilt table test: A tilt table test is recommended if your fainting seems unrelated to heart problems. You lie on your back on a table that changes positions, tilting you upward at various angles while lying flat. While undergoing this test, a technician will monitor your blood pressure and heart rate to determine if the posture changes can affect them.

You can also read: CIRRHOSIS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION & TREATMENT

Treatment of fainting:

Fainting is not normal, even if the cause isn’t serious. If the person isn’t breathing or has no pulse, have a bystander start CPR. If an AED is accessible, contact urgent care or the emergency department.

If a fainting episode is caused by an underlying health condition, treatment will be needed. This will help prevent further fainting episodes. Sometimes, however, no further treatment is required.

It is recommended that people avoid triggers, such as long periods of standing still, dehydration, and excessive heat exposure, to prevent future fainting episodes.

During medical procedures that involve injections or blood, a patient should notify their physician if fainting is a result of the sight or contemplation of this. Once the individual is lying down, a nurse or doctor can proceed with the procedure while ensuring that they are in a safe position.

A person may benefit from beta-blockers if neurocardiogenic syncope interferes with their quality of life. Beta-blockers are primarily used to treat high blood pressure.

Beta-blockers, however, can be associated with fatigue, cold hands and feet, a slow pulse and heartbeat, nausea, and diarrhea.

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Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

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What Is Encephalopathy?

A person suffering from an encephalopathy has damage to their brain or a disease that affects their brain. These changes cause an altered mental state, leaving them confused and not acting like they usually do.

This group of disorders is not one disease, but a combination of many different disorders. It’s a serious health condition that can result in either temporary or permanent brain damage without treatment.

Encephalopathy can be confused with encephalitis. They sound similar, but they are two different conditions. In encephalitis, the brain becomes swollen or irritated. On the other hand, encephalopathy is a mental condition that can happen due to a variety of health problems. The most common cause of encephalopathy is encephalitis.

Types of Encephalopathy:

There are two types of encephalopathy: acute and chronic. Acute encephalopathies include hepatic, uremic, hypertensive, Hashimoto’s, and Wernicke’s, while chronic encephalopathies include chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), hypoxic-ischemic, and spongiform.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy:

As a result of repeated head injuries over a long period, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) develops which is a progressive (gradually worsening) condition of the brain.

Even though CTE is not widely prevalent, this type of encephalopathy is mostly associated with athletes (such as American football players), military personnel who are subject to repetitive blunt head trauma, and victims of domestic violence.

Head trauma does not immediately cause CTE symptoms – it requires repeated head traumas over years. Long-term effects can include depression, memory problems, impulsive behavior, and difficulties with decision-making and completing tasks.

Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy:

As a result of underactive thyroid function, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a more severe form of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Estimates estimate that 2.1% of a population of 100,000 is affected by Hashimoto’s encephalopathy.

A few of the symptoms of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy are seizures, confusion, and dementia. Aside from causing psychosis, it is also known to cause visual hallucinations and paranoia.

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy:

The condition called hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, or HIE, happens when the brain does not receive enough oxygen for a long time.

An injury of this type can cause permanent brain damage. As opposed to a stroke, multiple areas of the brain are affected by low oxygen simultaneously, not just one.

An HIE can take place before birth, during childbirth, or shortly thereafter in newborns. Umbilical knots can occur as a result of pregnancy-related issues, trauma during delivery, and umbilical cord knots.

There is a wide range of outcomes following HIE. HIE can have a variety of effects on babies, some are not noticeable, while others suffer permanent brain damage.

Hypertensive Encephalopathy:

Hypertension causes hypertensive encephalopathy, a generalized brain problem caused by high blood pressure. Headaches, vomiting, imbalance problems, and confusion are symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy. These symptoms can lead to seizures or bleeding behind the eyes.

When blood pressure medications are abruptly stopped, hypertensive encephalopathy can occur.

Infectious Encephalopathies:

There are several different types of infectious encephalopathies. These diseases are caused by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which are also called prion diseases. Among them are chronic wasting disease, fatal familial insomnia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

A spongy-like appearance to the brain is the result of holes in these encephalopathies. As a result, infectious encephalopathies are neurogenerative in nature—they continue to cause brain damage over time.

Metabolic Encephalopathy:

Metabolic encephalopathy occurs when a health condition—like diabetes, kidney failure, heart failure, or liver disease—affects proteins, electrolytes, or nutrients in a way that makes it hard for the brain to function. For instance, high blood sugar can lead to confusion or a coma.

Patients who don’t receive optimal treatment for their underlying cause are likely to suffer from neurological symptoms. Sometimes, metabolic encephalopathies can cause reversible brain damage.

Wernicke Encephalopathy:

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), which is often caused by alcohol abuse, is associated with low levels of vitamin B, especially thiamine (vitamin B1). Confusion, loss of mental acuity, changes in vision, and problems with coordination are some of the symptoms of WE.

Uremic Encephalopathy:

The condition is caused by kidney failure, which can result in uremic toxins accumulating in the brain.

Lethargy, confusion, seizures, or coma are common symptoms. Dialysis or kidney transplantation are the treatments for uremic encephalopathy.

Glycine Encephalopathy:

An abnormally high level of glycine (an amino acid) in the brain causes glycine encephalopathy, a genetic condition.

An infant with this form of encephalopathy is typically weak, sleepy, has trouble eating, has low muscle tone, has abnormal jerking movements, and has trouble breathing.

Hepatic Encephalopathy:

When cirrhosis, chronic liver damage, results in scarring and liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy can occur.

Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when the liver is unable to adequately eliminate toxins from the blood, and these toxins ultimately cause brain damage.

There are two types of encephalopathy: acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term). Hepatic encephalopathy may cause a person to become unresponsive and go into a coma in some cases.

Causes of Encephalopathy:

Encephalopathy can be caused by several different factors.

The following are some examples of causes of encephalopathy:

  • The influence of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or prions), Excessive oxygen deprivation to the brain, such as following a traumatic event),
  • Alcoholic (toxic effects of alcohol),
  • hepatic (such as liver cancer or failure of the liver),
  • A uremic condition (kidney failure),
  • Diseases of the metabolism (hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, or hyperglycemia)
    brain tumors,
  • The presence of toxic chemicals (mercury, lead, or ammonia),
  • Changes in pressure in the brain (often due to bleeding or tumors), and
  • Nutritional deficiencies (insufficient vitamin B1 intake, alcohol withdrawal).

There are many possible causes of encephalopathy, and these examples are not all comprehensive. However, they illustrate the wide range of possible causes.

There are a variety of causes of encephalopathy, but most of them fall under three major categories (examples are in parentheses):

  • The following infections (HIV, Neisseria meningitides, herpes, hepatitis B and C),
  • Alcohol causes liver damage (toxins and alcohol),
  • The loss of brain cells as a result of anoxia or trauma.
  • Uremia (kidney failure).

The use of drugs such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine may cause encephalopathy; for example, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The symptoms of this syndrome are headache, confusion, and seizures.

What are the symptoms of encephalopathy?

Encephalopathy has different symptoms depending on the individual.

A change in mental state is one of the most common symptoms of encephalopathy, with symptoms such as:

  • Memory loss
  • Having trouble concentrating or thinking clearly
  • drowsiness
  • An alteration of personality including irritability, aggression, impulsiveness, or thoughts of suicide

Some people might also have:

  • Twitching of the muscles involuntarily
  • Speaking with difficulty
  • Having trouble swallowing
  • Weird eye movements
  • tremor
  • Weakness of muscles
  • seizures
  • dementia
  • Consciousness is lost

Encephalopathy can take several forms. It can come on very quickly and disappear very quickly for some people suffering from acute encephalopathy. Others suffer from chronic encephalopathy, which tends to take a long time to develop.

People with underlying chronic illnesses, such as liver disease, may become well at times before experiencing episodes of encephalopathy caused by an infection, bleeding in the digestive tract, alcohol, prescription medications, or electrolyte imbalance.

While some encephalopathies permanently damage the brain, others do not. Some can be fatal too.

You can also Read: EAR INFECTIONS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT

How is encephalopathy diagnosed?

The first thing your doctor will do is perform a thorough physical examination and review your medical history.

As a result, your doctor might recommend:

  • Brain imaging. You can use an MRI or CT scan to determine if your symptoms are due to swelling of the brain or to another condition such as a tumor.
  • Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). You can obtain a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by inserting a needle into your lower back. CSF serves as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal column.

Changing amounts of this fluid may indicate a condition involving infection or inflammation. Tests can sometimes be performed on CSF samples to identify viruses or other infectious agents.

  • Other lab tests. Viruses or other infectious agents can be detected in blood, urine, or excretions from the back of the throat.
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG). The brain’s electrical activity is recorded through electrodes attached to the scalp. A certain pattern of abnormalities may indicate encephalitis.
  • Brain biopsy. In rare cases, a small amount of brain tissue will be removed for testing. The only time a brain biopsy is recommended is when symptoms worsen and treatments are ineffective.

Treatment of Encephalopathy:

Depending on the cause of the symptoms, encephalopathy is treated differently. Encephalopathies are treated differently for different reasons.

Various encephalopathy treatments are available depending on the cause:

  • Short-term anoxia (usually less than two minutes): oxygen therapy
  • Long-term anoxia: rehabilitation
  • Alcohol toxicity in the short term: fluids or no treatment
  • The treatment for chronic alcoholism (cirrhosis and chronic liver disease) is oral lactulose, a low-protein diet, and antibiotics.
  • Uremia (due to kidney failure): Dialysis, kidney transplant, and correction of underlying physiologic causes
  • If you have diabetic encephalopathy, you should administer glucose to correct hypoglycemia and insulin to correct hyperglycemia
  • In hypertensive or hypotensive encephalopathy, medications are used to raise (for hypotensive) or lower (for hypertensive) blood pressure

Any encephalopathy can be effectively treated by determining the basic cause and designing a treatment plan to reduce or eliminate that cause. Among all of the types of encephalopathy, there is one that cannot be treated; it is static encephalopathy (permanent mental impairment or brain damage).

With static encephalopathy, the best course of action is, if possible, to prevent further damage and then implement rehabilitation to optimize functional ability.

Encephalopathy: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Read More »

Echocardiogram

Echocardiogram: What is It, Types, Preparation, and Results

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The anatomy of the heart includes four chambers and four valves that work together to circulate blood throughout the body.

The heart needs these structures to function normally, and the heart muscle needs to beat in a coordinated manner to ensure that blood flows into and out of each chamber in the right direction.

Echocardiogram uses an ultrasound machine to visualize the structure and function of the heart. It is a special test that examines the structure and function of the heart with the aid of an ultrasound machine.

What is Echocardiogram?

This ultrasound test or echocardiogram (echo=sound + card=heart + graph=drawing) can evaluate the structure of the heart as well as its blood flow.

These images and videos are created using specialized equipment, usually, a probe or transducer placed across various parts of the chest wall, depending on the angle at which the heart is viewed.

Echocardiograms are just one of many tests that can be performed to assess the anatomy and function of the heart. Cardiologists are trained to assess these images and provide a report of the results.

The most common heart trace is the electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG). Electrodes are placed on the chest wall and record the heart’s electrical activity. In addition to demonstrating the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat, an EKG can indicate how much blood flows from the arteries into the heart muscle and how thick it is.

During coronary catheterization, a cardiologist threads a catheter into the coronary arteries of the heart through the femoral artery in the groin, the radial artery in the wrist, or the brachial artery in the elbow. The procedure is highly invasive.

An injection of dye into the coronary arteries looks for blockages, and sometimes a balloon angioplasty can resolve the blockage by opening the blood vessel at the site of the blockage, restoring the flow of blood. An artery can be kept open with a stent.

You can also examine the valves and chambers of the heart, as well as major arteries and veins that enter or leave the heart.

What are the types of Echocardiograms? 

There are several types of echocardiograms that doctors can use, all of which use high-frequency sound waves. A few examples are provided below.

1. Transthoracic echocardiogram 

Transthoracic echocardiograms are the most common type of echocardiogram intrusted source testing. This test involves using an ultrasound transducer on the outside of the chest, near the heart.

The device sends sound waves into the heart where they bounce off the heart to create images of the heart structures on a screen. Gel applied to the chest aids the sound waves in traveling through the chest more efficiently. 

2. Transesophageal echocardiogram 

During a transesophageal echocardiogram, a thinner transducer attached to the end of the tube is swallowed by an individual so that it can be inserted into the esophagus, the tube between the mouth and stomach that runs behind the heart.

An echocardiogram of this type provides a more detailed view of the heart than the traditional transthoracic echocardiogram because it allows a closer look at the organ. 

3. Doppler ultrasound 

Doppler ultrasound can be used to determine the flow of blood. It works by using sound waves at specific frequencies and measuring how they bounce back to the transducer.

The blood that flows toward the transducer looks red, and the blood that flows away from the transducer looks blue in colored doppler ultrasounds byTrusted Source.

When a Doppler ultrasound is performed, it is possible to see whether there are problems with the valves or holes in the walls of the heart, and also to assess how the blood is moving through it. 

4. Three-dimensional echocardiogram 

Doctors can use 3D echocardiograms to create detailed images of the heart. 3D echocardiograms can be used to:

  • Evaluation of valve function in people with heart failure
  • Children and infants with heart problems can be diagnosed
  • Consider structural interventional surgery or heart valve replacement
  • 3D assessment of heart function
  • image complex structures within the heart can be seen 

5. Stress echocardiogram 

During a stress test, the doctor monitors heart rate, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the heart. An echocardiogram can be ordered as part of the stress test.

A transthoracic echocardiogram will be taken before and after the exercise.

Doctors use stress tests to diagnose: 

  • ischemic heart disease
  • coronary heart disease
  • heart failure
  • problems affecting the heart valves

 6. Fetal echocardiogram

The heart of an unborn baby can be viewed during a fetal echocardiogram which is usually done between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. Because the test does not use radiation, it is not harmful to the mother or the unborn child.

Preparation of Echocardiogram:

The patient does not have to take any significant preparations before undergoing the transthoracic echocardiography. He or she is free to eat and drink as they desire, and they can also take their regular medications.

In contrast, patients who wish to undergo stress and transesophageal echocardiogram must remain without food several hours before the procedure. Another factor to consider is that the patient should inform their doctor if they have any difficulty swallowing so that they can decide whether this test should be conducted or not.

Patients should wear slightly loose clothes and comfortable shoes when undergoing a treadmill stress echocardiogram. The patient undergoing transesophageal echocardiography should make arrangements to return home before the test because sedating medication may be administered during or after the test (if needed).

During the Test:

Echocardiogram tests can be performed either in a hospital or a doctor’s office. Patients are asked to undress up to the waist and lie down on the examination table. A doctor or nurse attaches electrodes to the patient’s body so that current flows to the heart.

The electrodes are attached to the patient’s body using a gel that helps keep the electrodes attached while also facilitating the flow of sound waves and removing air bubbles between the transducer and the patient’s skin. The physician needs to dim the lights during the test to see the images clearly on the monitor.

A transducer is moved throughout the body by the doctor so that soundwaves can travel everywhere and images are shown on the monitor. This image is very helpful for analyzing the condition of the heart.

With a transesophageal echocardiogram, a transducer is inserted into the esophagus and a sound produced by the heart is heard by the patient. To make this process more convenient and less painful, doctors give sedatives or sprays to make the patient’s throat numb.

You can also Read: WHAT IS DANDRUFF? 

Results

According to your doctor, the echo results will be summarized in a report that describes the heart anatomy, movements of the heart, and defects observed during the test. Your doctor will often schedule an appointment with you to discuss your results and your next steps considering the detailed nature of the report. You may receive the report within a few days to a few weeks.

The report should include:

  • You should have a heart rate within the range of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
  • Heart size is determined by the dilation of chambers: larger-sized hearts have larger chambers.
  • Your pericardium is the protective tissue that surrounds your heart. It includes a description of its appearance and any abnormalities that may exist.
  • A comparison of your heart’s thickness to what is expected for your age, gender, and size.
  • Your heart valves were examined to determine whether there was regurgitation (leaking of blood flow).
  • Describe any congenital or anatomical defects or other unexpected findings.

Lastly, you may want to comment on the quality of the images in case there were any difficulties ensuring clarity that would affect the reliability of the results.

Echocardiogram: What is It, Types, Preparation, and Results Read More »

ear infection

Ear Infections: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment

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Your child sees a healthcare provider if he or she develops an ear infection, an infection within the space behind the eardrum. Treatments for ear infections include antibiotics, pain-relieving medications, and placement of ear tubes.

Bacteria and viruses infect the ear, causing swelling, pain, and bulging of the eardrum as a result of the trapped fluid behind the eardrum.

What is an Ear Infection? 

Children and adults can get ear infections; the medical term is acute otitis media, which describes a sudden infection in the middle ear (behind the eardrum).

Although it is not the most common reason for young children to see their healthcare provider, ear infections are one of the most common reasons.

Many ear infections clear up on their own. However, your healthcare provider may prescribe a pain reliever or a medication to relieve pain if the infection worsens or does not improve. If the infection does not improve, an antibiotic may be prescribed.

An antibiotic is usually prescribed for ear infections in children younger than two years of age. It’s important to see your healthcare provider if you had an ear infection that didn’t heal or if you or your child are experiencing ongoing pain or discomfort.

Regular or repeated ear infections and fluid buildup behind the eardrum can lead to hearing loss and other serious problems.

Symptoms of Ear Infection: 

The signs and symptoms of ear infections are usually rapid.

In Children’s: 

  • Ear pain, especially when lying down
  • Tugging or pulling at an ear
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Crying more than usual
  • Fussiness
  • Trouble hearing or responding to sounds
  • Loss of balance
  • Having a temperature over 100 F (38 C)
  • Drainage of fluid from the ear
  • Headache
  • Loss of appetite

In Adults: 

  • Ear pain
  • Drainage of fluid from the ear
  • Trouble hearing

Causes of Ear Infection: 

In the middle ear, which is a small space behind the eardrum, air passes through the Eustachian tube from behind the nose, keeping a healthy balance of moisture and air.

Whenever the Eustachian tube becomes blocked or clogged, the middle ear does not receive enough fresh air, which creates a damp, stagnant, heat-producing environment perfect for fungi to grow.

Eustachian tubes often leak air into the middle ear when they are too soft or immature in children. Allergies, postnasal drainage, sinus infections, and common cold viruses can also block the Eustachian tube’s ability to function correctly.

The doctor will be able to diagnose an ear infection after looking at the red, bulging eardrum. It is common for children to develop an ear infection from an upper respiratory virus, such as the common cold or the flu.

These conditions can cause swelling in the Eustachian tube, which does not allow air to flow into the middle ear.

In the same way as smoke, fumes, and other environmental toxins can cause a cold or flu, allergies to pollen, dust, animal dander, or food can cause the same effects.

The presence of bacteria can cause ear infections directly, but often they are brought on by an ear infection caused by a viral infection or reaction to an allergen, allowing them to spread quickly through the moist, warm environment of the middle ear.

Invading bacteria then turns inflammation into infection and causes fevers. You should immediately consult your doctor and take the prescribed treatments by the doctors. 

Risk factors of Ear Infection: 

  • Age: Due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes and because their immune systems are still developing, children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more at risk of ear infections.
  • Group child care: A study found that children who stay at home are more likely to get colds and ear infections than children who attend group settings. It is more likely for children in group settings to contract infections, such as the common cold.
  • Infant feeding: Breastfed babies are less likely to get ear infections than babies who drink from a bottle, especially while lying down.
  • Seasonal factors: Those who suffer from seasonal allergies may have a greater risk of ear infections when pollen counts are high. Fall and winter are the most common times for ear infections.
  • Poor air quality: An increased risk of ear infections is associated with tobacco smoke and high levels of air pollution.
  • Alaska Native heritage: Alaska Natives are more likely to suffer from ear infections.
  • Cleft palate: Children with cleft palates may have difficulty draining their eustachian tubes due to differences in their bone structure and muscles.

Diagnosis of Ear Infection: 

If you describe your symptoms to your doctor and undergo a physical exam, you can often be diagnosed with an ear infection or other condition.

This may involve using a lighted instrument (an otoscope) to examine the ears, throat, and nasal passage. In addition, you can use a stethoscope to listen to your child breathe.

Pneumatic otoscope: When a doctor is diagnosing an ear infection, he or she will use an instrument called a pneumatic otoscope. With this tool, the doctor can view the ear and determine whether fluid is present behind the eardrum.

In order to examine the eardrum with the pneumatic otoscope, your doctor gently puffs air towards it. When the middle ear is filled with fluid, this puff of air should cause the eardrum to move. If the middle ear does not contain fluid, the eardrum will not move.

Additional tests: If you have any doubt about a diagnosis, if previous treatments have not worked, or if you have other serious long-term problems, your doctor may recommend other tests.

  • Tympanometry: This test assesses the movement of the eardrum, which is caused by adjusting air pressure within the ear canal. The device measures the degree of movement of the eardrum, which is an indirect indicator of pressure within the middle ear. 
  • Acoustic reflectometry: The eardrum absorbs the majority of the sound. However, when there is more pressure in the middle ear, the eardrum will reflect more sound. This test measures how much sound bounces back from the eardrum – an indirect measure of fluid pressure in the middle ear. 
  • Tympanocentesis: An eardrum is pierced with a tiny tube, and fluid is drained from the middle ear, a procedure called tympanocentesis, which can help if previous treatments haven’t worked. 
  • Other tests: You may be referred to a hearing specialist (audiologist), speech therapist, or developmental therapist if your child has had multiple ear infections or fluid accumulates in the middle ear. These tests will assess hearing, speech skills, language comprehension, and developmental abilities.

You can also read: DENTAL INJURIES: CAUSES, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Prevention of Ear Infection: 

These tips can help prevent any type of ear infection:

  • If you are swimming or taking a shower, make sure your ears are dried completely afterward. Keep your ears clean by washing them and using cotton swabs to clean them.
  • You should not smoke, and you should avoid secondhand smoke as much as possible.
  • Avoid triggers and take allergy medications to manage your allergy symptoms.
  • Avoid contacting anyone who has a cold or other upper respiratory problems, and always wash your hands thoroughly.
  • Ensure your vaccines are up to date.

Treatment of Ear Infection:

If your doctor suspects that bacteria has caused the infection, based on your medical history, she may prescribe an antibiotic. An ear infection is often caused by a virus, in which case antibiotics will not help.

If you feel better at home, you may want to speak with your doctor.

Pain Relief :

Infections caused by viruses and bacteria can be cured, so there is no need to live with the pain while they heal.

Pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can also help reduce a fever. Aspirin should not be used on children, as it can cause a condition known as Reye’s syndrome, which can cause swelling in the brain and the liver.

Antibiotics: 

If your doctor prescribes antibiotics, follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. Take all of the doses, even if you feel better. Call your doctor or pharmacist if you miss a dose or become ill after taking antibiotics. Your infection may return if you don’t finish the treatment course.

Drainage:

An ear infection that causes serious complications, fluid that stays in the ear for a long time, or a child who constantly gets ear infections might need a myringotomy.

During the procedure, the doctor creates a small hole in the eardrum so fluid, blood, or pus can drain out. Often, a tube is put in so it won’t get backed up.

Tubes let fluid out and air pass through to keep the middle ear dry. They usually fall out on their own within about 6 to 18 months.

Natural Remedies: The following tips can help ease your symptoms at home. Talk to your doctor first:

  • Warmth: It may be beneficial to use a heated compress.
  • Feedings: Feeding your baby with a bottle should be done standing up. Do not place your infant to sleep with one. When the doctor says it’s okay to take your child off it, do so as soon as possible.
  • Gargling: If your child has a raw throat or you are an adult, salt water can help soothe it and help clear the Eustachian tubes.
  • Fresh air: Smoking should not be done inside the house or anywhere near your child.

Ear Infections: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment Read More »

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